This requires a hyaline cartilage precursor. Intramembranous ossification forms the flat bones of the skull, mandible and hip bone.Įndochondral ossification Diagram showing stages of endochondral ossificationĮndochondral ossification is the formation of long bones and other bones. Ossification is spreading rapidly from the ossification centers and various bones are becoming ossified.īone of upper limbs and scapulae becoming completely ossifiedīone of the lower limbs and os coxae become completely ossifiedīone of the sternum, clavicles, and vertebrae become completely ossified Secondary ossification centers appear in the epiphysesĥ years to 12 years in females, 5 to 14 years in males Most primary ossification centers have appeared in the diaphyses of bone. The exact mechanisms by which bone development is triggered remains unclear, but growth factors and cytokines appear to play a role. It is a process that occurs during ossification, but not necessarily vice versa. Calcification is synonymous with the formation of calcium-based salts and crystals within cells and tissue. Calcification is often confused with ossification.
Heterotopic ossification is a process resulting in the formation of bone tissue that is often atypical, at an extraskeletal location. In fracture healing, endochondral osteogenesis is the most commonly occurring process, for example in fractures of long bones treated by plaster of Paris, whereas fractures treated by open reduction and internal fixation with metal plates, screws, pins, rods and nails may heal by intramembranous osteogenesis. There are two processes resulting in the formation of normal, healthy bone tissue: Intramembranous ossification is the direct laying down of bone into the primitive connective tissue ( mesenchyme), while endochondral ossification involves cartilage as a precursor. It is synonymous with bone tissue formation. Ossification (also called osteogenesis or bone mineralization) in bone remodeling is the process of laying down new bone material by cells named osteoblasts. ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)īone is broken down by osteoclasts, and rebuilt by osteoblasts, both of which communicate through cytokine ( TGF-β, IGF) signalling. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. Parts of this article (those related to PMID 24292720) need to be updated.
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